6. MiRNA and RNA with possible expression abnormalities in ADHD¶
miRNAs are microRNAs. They regulate the expression of genes at the post-transcriptional level. Find out more at ⇒ Building blocks of heredity and behavior: Genes, DNA, RNA, proteins and co. In the section*⇒* Genetic and epigenetic causes of ADHD - introduction in the chapter ⇒ Origin.
miRNAs are substantially involved in the development of ADHD in children and adults.
6.1. MiR-let-7d¶
A study found significantly elevated levels of the microRNA let-7d in the blood of 35 children with ADHD. The elevated blood levels of miR-let-7d correlated with a 16.7-fold increased risk of ADHD. Elevated miR-let-7d levels were associated with reduced galectin-3 expression in 66%. In a follow-up 1 year later, improvements in ADHD symptoms correlated with normalized miR-let-7d levels.
However, one study found excessive galectin-3 blood plasma levels in children with ADHD.
6.2. Rno-let-7b-5d¶
In SHR, a rat species representing a purely genetically caused ADHD-HI, miRNA let-7d is reported to be overexpressed in the PFC and to decrease the expression of galectin-3, leading to downregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase, which is a precursor of dopamine synthesis.
6.3. MiR-let-7b-5p¶
One study found a deviating (but not significant) expression of this miRNA in people with ADHD compared to those without.
6.4. MiR-let-7g-5p¶
A review reports the miR-let-7g-5p in total white blood cells as a potential biomarker for ADHD.
6.5. MiR-18a-5p¶
The expression of this microRNA is said to be altered in ADHD.
6.6. MiR-22-3p¶
The expression of this microRNA is said to be altered in ADHD.
6.7. MiR-24-3p¶
The expression of this microRNA is said to be altered in ADHD.
6.8. MiR-26b-5p¶
A genome-wide miRNA expression study found that this miRNA significantly contributed to ADHD by altering the myo-inositol signaling pathway. d-Myo-inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate is an intracellular second-messenger widely distributed in the brain that controls the biological response of a large number of hormones and neurotransmitters to target cells by regulating calcium release from intracellular stores.
6.9. MiR-30e-5p¶
A review reports the miR–30e-5p in total white blood cells as a potential biomarker for ADHD.
6.10. MiR-34c*¶
Significantly decreased expression was found for this miRNA in the ADHD-HI rat model of SRH, which was associated with promoter inhibitory activity of the glucocorticoid receptor Nr3c1.
6.11. Pri-miR34b/c¶
SNP in the promoter of pri-miR34b/c are thought to alter the expression of various genes, including
which promotes the development of ADHD.
6.12. MiR-96¶
miR-96 targets a SNP in the serotonin receptor HTR1B, which is associated with ADHD.
6.13. MiR-101-3p¶
One report found significantly increased expression of this miRNA in ADHD. in blood serum.
6.14. MiR-106b-5p¶
The expression of this microRNA is said to be altered in ADHD in blood serum.
6.15. MiR-107¶
The expression of this microRNA is said to be altered in ADHD.
6.16. MiR-126-5p¶
A review reports the miR-126-5p in total white blood cells as a potential biomarker for ADHD.
6.17. MiR-130a-3p¶
One report found significantly increased expression of this miRNA in ADHD. in blood serum.
6.18. MiR-138¶
Significantly decreased expression was found for this miRNA in the ADHD-HI rat model of SRH, which was associated with promoter inhibitory activity of the glucocorticoid receptor Nr3c1.
6.19. MiR-138*¶
Significantly decreased expression was found for this miRNA in the ADHD-HI rat model of SRH, which was associated with promoter inhibitory activity of the glucocorticoid receptor Nr3c1.
6.20. MiR-138-5p¶
One report found significantly increased expression of this miRNA in ADHD in blood serum.
6.21. MiR-140-3p¶
A review reports the miR-140-3p in total white blood cells as a potential biomarker for ADHD.
6.22. MiR-142-5p¶
A review reports the miR-142-5p in total white blood cells as a potential biomarker for ADHD.
6.23. MiR-148b-3p¶
One study found a significant deviation in the expression of this miRNA in people with ADHD compared to those without.
6.24. MiR-151a-3p¶
A review reports the miR-151a-3p in total white blood cells as a potential biomarker for ADHD.
6.25. MiR-151a-5p¶
A review reports the miR-151a-5p in total white blood cells as a potential biomarker for ADHD.
6.26. MiR-155-5p¶
The expression of this microRNA is said to be altered in ADHD.
6.27. MiR-181a-5p¶
One study found a deviating (but not significant) expression of this miRNA in people with ADHD compared to those without.
6.28. MiR-185-5p¶
A genome-wide miRNA expression study found that this miRNA significantly contributed to ADHD by altering the myo-inositol signaling pathway. d-Myo-inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate is an intracellular second-messenger widely distributed in the brain that controls the biological response of a large number of hormones and neurotransmitters to target cells by regulating calcium release from intracellular stores.
6.29. MiR-191-5p¶
A genome-wide miRNA expression study found that this miRNA significantly contributed to ADHD by altering the myo-inositol signaling pathway. d-Myo-inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate is an intracellular second-messenger widely distributed in the brain that controls the biological response of a large number of hormones and neurotransmitters to target cells by regulating calcium release from intracellular stores.
6.30. MiR-195-5p¶
One report found significantly increased expression of this miRNA in ADHD in blood serum.
6.31. MiR-223-3p¶
A review reports the miR-223-3p in total white blood cells as a potential biomarker for ADHD.
6.32. MiR-296¶
Significantly decreased expression was found for this miRNA in the ADHD-HI rat model of SRH, which was associated with promoter inhibitory activity of the glucocorticoid receptor Nr3c1.
6.33. MiR-200b-3p¶
One study reported that miRNA miR-200b-3p and taurine were able to reduce ADHD symptoms of SHR.
6.34. MiR-320a¶
One study found that the miRNA miR-320a was expressed differently (although not significantly) in people with ADHD compared to those without.
6.35. MiR-486-5p¶
A review reports the miR-486-5p in total white blood cells as a potential biomarker for ADHD.
6.36. MiR-494¶
Significantly decreased expression was found for this miRNA in the ADHD-HI rat model of SRH, which was associated with promoter inhibitory activity of the glucocorticoid receptor Nr3c1.
6.37. MiR-641¶
miR-641 targets SNAP-25. SNAP-25 is an essential component of the SNARE complex (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-binding protein receptors). The 3′-UTR SNPs of SNAP-25 modify the binding site of miR-641 and contribute to several psychiatric disorders, including ADHD.
6.38. MiR-652-3p¶
One study found a significant deviation in the expression of this miRNA in people with ADHD compared to those without.
6.39. MiR-942-5p¶
One study found a significant deviation in the expression of this miRNA in people with ADHD compared to those without.
6.40. MiR-4281¶
A review reports the miR-4281 in blood serum as a potential biomarker for ADHD.
6.41. MiR-4466¶
A review reports the miR-4466 in blood serum as a potential biomarker for ADHD.
6.42. MiR-4516¶
A review reports the miR-4516 in blood serum as a potential biomarker for ADHD.
6.43. MiR-4655-3p¶
In children with ADHD treated with MPH (Concerta) and atomoxetine, the SNAP-V score of attention deficit symptoms negatively correlated with the relative expression of miRNA-4655-3p and miRNA-7641 in one study. The authors suggest that the expression of miR-4655-3p and miR-7641 in serum could be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis and outcome assessment of ADHD-HI,
6.44. MiR-4763¶
A review reports the miR-4763 in blood serum as a potential biomarker for ADHD.
6.45. MiR-6090¶
A review reports the miR-6090 in blood serum as a potential biomarker for ADHD.
6.46. MiR-7641¶
In children with ADHD treated with MPH (Concerta) and atomoxetine, the SNAP-V score of attention deficit symptoms negatively correlated with the relative expression of miRNA-4655-3p and miRNA-7641 in one study. The authors suggest that the expression of miR-4655-3p and miR-7641 in serum could be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis and outcome assessment of ADHD-HI,
6.47. HOTAIR, HOX TRANSCRIPT ANTISENSE RNA, NONCODING¶
OMIM: HOTAIR, HOX TRANSCRIPT ANTISENSE RNA, NONCODING
The rs1899663 polymorphism of HOTAIR RNA is a possible ADHD risk, according to a study.
Further information about the people with ADHD can be found in the gene databases
http://omim.org/ and http://www.uniprot.org/
